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Political Science. Literature Guides. Popular Textbooks. Want to see the step-by-step answer? Vision, if available, provides extremely helpful input the brain can act upon. Figure 9. Rotational equilibrium. The ampullae of the semicircular canals contain hair cells with stereocilia embedded in a cupula. When the head rotates, the cupula is displaced, bending the stereocilia. Thereafter, nerve impulses travel in the vestibular nerve to the brain. Gravitational equilibrium.
The utricle and the saccule contain hair cells with stereocilia embedded in an otolithic membrane. When the head bends, otoliths are displaced, causing the membrane to sag and the stereocilia to bend.
If the stereocilia bend toward the kinocilium, the longest of the stereocilia, nerve impulses increase in the vestibular nerve. If the stereocilia bend away from the kinocilium, nerve impulses decrease in the vestibular nerve. The difference tells the brain in which direction the head moved. Gravitational Equilibrium Pathway Gravitational equilibrium depends on the utricle and saccule, two membranous sacs located in the vestibule.
This pushes the cupula in the opposite direction, deflecting the stereocilia and creating a nerve impulse. Considering the semicircular canals on either side of the head, three orthogonal planes are defined, the horizontal plane with both horizontal canals, and two vertical planes 90 o to each other with the anterior canal from one side and the posterior canal from the other.
In each pair, deflection of the cupula on one side of the body causes depolarization of the hair cells while the same movement causes hyperpolarization of the hair cells on the other side of the body. For example, when the head rotates to the right, the horizontal canals are active and the right side depolarizes while the left hyperpolarizes, indicating the direction of the movement.
By comparing the relative movements of all six semicircular canals, the vestibular system can establish movement in any direction within three-dimensional space. Skip to main content. Chapter 8: The Nervous System. Search for:. Figure 8. Anatomy of the Ear. The outer ear is the auricle and ear canal through to the tympanic membrane.
The middle ear contains the ossicles and is connected to the pharynx by the auditory tube. The inner ear is the cochlea and vestibule which are responsible for hearing and equilibrium, respectively. This work by Cenveo is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3. Structure and Function of the Inner Ear The inner ear is entirely enclosed within the temporal bone. Hearing The connection between the middle ear and inner ear is at the oval window , a membranous area at the entrance of the snail-shaped cochlea.
The cochlea can be modeled as a long tube running from the oval window, out to the helicotrema, and back. Sound Wave Transmitted into the Cochlea. As sound is transmitted from air to the cochlea through the oval window, it creates a wave within the fluid of the cochlea often called a standing wave.
This wave creates displacement in the membranes of the cochlear duct, where sound is sensed. Anatomy of the Cochlea. The cochlea is a spiral structure a divided into three chambers b. The middle chamber, the cochlear duct, contains the spiral organ that has hair cells c for sensing the vibrations we perceive as sound.
Equilibrium Along with hearing, the inner ear is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium the sense of balance , which it does in the vestibule and semicircular canals , structures that are sometimes collectively referred to as the vestibular apparatus Fig.
Structures of the Vestibular Apparatus. Static Equilibrium The information for static equilibrium and linear acceleration dynamic comes from the utricle and saccule within the vestibule. Structure of the Maculae. The macula utriculi macula of the utricle lies horizontally while the macula sacculi lies vertically a.
If the head is tilted, the dense otolithic membrane will cause the stereocilia of the hair cells to move from the straight position b to the bent position c , sending signals to the central nervous system that the head has been tilted forward. Dynamic Equilibrium The semicircular canals are three ring-like extensions from the vestibule and are mostly responsible for dynamic equilibrium.
Structure and Function of the Semicircular Canals.
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