Interestingly, these results contrast with previous reports suggesting that Giardia can exert anti-inflammatory properties and immune evasion strategies via, at least in part, a cysteine-dependant cleavage of immune mediators 5 , 27 , Further research is warranted to determine weather diet-induced low-grade inflammation can supress these effects, and to assess the effect of fatty acid supplementation on Giardia cysteine protease activity. Incubation of Giardia trophozoites with PA significantly increased their metabolic activity Fig.
Similar results were obtained in the presence of OA Fig. These results suggest that the intake of dietary fat may directly promote the activity of Giardia trophozoites.
Disruption and rearrangement of intestinal epithelial cells TJ proteins by Giardia trophozoites have been well described 4 , 7 , Conversely, some dietary lipids such as gangliosides e. Total milk fat in the diets used here was 6. The exact role of milk fat gangliosides in the observations reported here warrants further research. Analysis of lipids i. More research is needed to explore the growth-promoting effects of fatty acids on Giardia trophozoites, as well as the crosstalk between parasitism and lipid metabolism during infection in vivo.
While lipid synthesis is limited in Giardia , fatty acids are key membrane and organelle constituents of Giardia trophozoites, and major source of energy Fluorescent lipid labelling experiments showed that PA is incorporated into Giardia trophozoites nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane Disruptions of the mucus lining combined with goblet cell hyperplasia have been recently identified as pathogenic markers in giardiasis 9.
Findings from the present study reveal a key role for altered Muc2 and Atoh1 gene expression in this phenomenon. Indeed, increased goblet cell counts in infected animals was exacerbated by the HF diet Fig.
These results are consistent with a previous report that indicated that these genes were implicated in the development of goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion Giardia causes dysbiosis, disrupts the microbiota biofilm overlaying the mucosa, and promotes the release of pathobionts from commensal communities, in turn leading to functional abnormalities in the gut 10 , Lactobacilli have recently been associated with a protective effect against Giardia infection 12 , 67 , S4 , Fig.
Finally, fecal pellet output was reduced in HF mice compared to LF mice, consistent with previous reports suggesting that HF diet delays colonic transit 70 , The results suggest that Giardia -induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility and stool water contents are exacerbated by a HF diet. In summary, findings from this study suggest that short-term consumption of a westernized high fat diet may increase the severity of giardiasis at least in part by promoting the growth of Giardia trophozoites through increased fatty acid exposure, and by predisposing to intestinal mucosal and epithelial damage.
The effects of a HF diet during infection are associated with exacerbated gut microbiota dysbiosis and mucosal inflammation, as well as increased gut motility and stool water content. Altogether, this report puts in perspective the role of the diet in host-parasite interactions via a combination of gut pathophysiological phenomena, paving the way towards more research. Moreover, while this study assesses the influence of the diet at the peak of infection, future research will be needed to determine to the influence of the diet in post-giardiasis disorders such as IBS 2.
The findings also suggest that diet should be a consideration when developing new therapeutic approaches such as diet intervention. Inulin in the commercial formulation of the diets was replaced in both diets by cellulose to avoid any direct anti- Giardia effects of prebiotic fibers as described previously 42 , Mice were weighed daily and euthanized by cervical dislocation at day 7 post-infection. Small intestines were collected, and proximal jejunal Sects. Live trophozoites were counted using a hemocytometer mobility of flagella used as a marker of viability.
Jejunal and distal colonic 1 cm sections were collected and preserved by snap-freezing for RNA and protein analysis. Jejunal Sects. Distal colonic Sects.
Trophozoites were cultured axenically in polystyrene conical tubes with TY1-S medium supplemented with penicillin—streptomycin Sigma-Aldrich and used at peak culture density. For animal studies, G. Infected CD-1 mice were placed in empty cages and fasted for 3 h. Fecal pellets were further collected for cyst extraction by sucrose 1 M gradient flotation and stored in cold PBS until ready to use. Snap-frozen mouse jejunal tissues were thawed on ice and homogenized in 1 ml of lysis buffer T-PER buffer:tissue ratio ThermoFischer Scientific.
Metal beads 0. Levels of mRNA expression of immune factors and mucin related genes were assessed using previously published primer sequences Supplementary Table S1 9 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , The effect of palmitic acid PA; C or oleic acid OA; C on Giardia trophozoite metabolic activity was determined by resazurin assay in vitro as described previously with some modifications Briefly, G.
PA solutions were prepared as described above and diluted in TYI-S33 to reach working concentrations 0. To further determine how a high fat diet may affect pathophysiology, effects of purified fatty acids on Giardia -epithelial cell interactions were assessed using a model of SCBN intestinal epithelial cells as previously described SCBN cells are canine duodenal nontumorigenic intestinal epithelial cell lines suitable for parasite-epithelial interactions obtained from Dr.
Pang laboratory, University of Newcastle, Australia 83 , Fatty acid—BSA complex solutions were freshly prepared before each experiment. Subsequently, cells were exposed to G. Cells were washed 3 times with ice-cold PBS to ensure complete removal of trophozoites. This step was also performed on non-infected cells. Appropriate secondary antibodies were then added for 1 h at RT and washed 3 times as per the primary antibody step.
For immunohistochemistry, the following antibodies were used: ZO-1 Abcam; polyclonal, rabbit , claudin-1 Invitrogen; polyclonal, rabbit , claudin-4 Invitrogen; polyclonal, rabbit , AlexaFluor goat anti-rabbit and AlexaFluor goat anti-rabbit. Crypt-villus ratios were determined blinded by measuring the crypt and villus height on ImageJ software National Institutes of Health as described previously with minor modifications Results were expressed as the average of 7 to 10 crypt-villus units.
Histological score was determined blinded on jejunal sections by assessing several disease parameters cell infiltration, cell hyperplasia, goblet cell loss, cryptitis, epithelial erosion, ulceration, tissue granulation, irregular crypts, crypt loss, villous damage, and blunting. Whole bacterial genomic DNA extraction procedure was adapted from Lamas et al. Silica glass beads 0. PolyVinylPolyPyrrolidone Sigma-Aldrich 15 mg was subsequently added to the samples and tubes were centrifuged for 5 min at max speed 20, g.
Supernatants were combined and an extract centrifugation step was performed to remove debris. Ice-cold isopropanol was added to the supernatant, and samples were mixed gently and incubated 10 min at room temperature and centrifuged for at 20, g for 10 min at room temperature. Bioinformatics analyses were performed using Microbiome analyst online software.
Core microbiota representation was used to characterized bacterial taxa at the family level based on their prevalence at a given abundance threshold relative abundance. As Giardia -induced diarrhea is associated with increased intestinal motility 89 , additional experiments measured the effects of the diets on gut motility and stool water content. Fecal pellets were collected at 60 min and placed in an empty Eppendorf tube. The normality of the data was assessed before statistical analysis.
Groups with non-parametric data were analyzed using Kruskal—Wallis test. Error bars represent standard error of the mean histograms or min—max box-plot.
All centre values are median for boxplots and mean for histograms. P values of less than 0. All experiments involving rodents have been approved by the Animal Care Committee at the University of Calgary approval certificate AC The committee approved of the procedures described in the protocol and certified that they are in accordance with the principles outlined in the current guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
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Burgess, S. Intestinal parasitic infection alters bone marrow derived dendritic cell inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacterial endotoxin in a diet-dependent manner.
Diaz-Cinco, M. Dietary fat stimulates the release of bile acids, something giardia depends upon for their survival in the small intestine. As well as the above changes utilising functional pre and probiotic foods and wheat germ in some individuals appears to be beneficial in giardia clearance. Studies have shown Giardia infection, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, can reduce the production of lactase in the small intestine, resulting in lactose malabsorption and its resultant diarrhea.
Prebiotics are the compounds and fibers in foods that feed beneficial bacteria. In terms of giardia, prebiotics can increase short chain fatty acids which helps support the integrity of the intestinal lining and increase mucin production which can assist in giardia clearing. In some instances bloating, pain and flatulence can increase, thus start low and take it slow when introducing in prebiotic foods, especially if other digestive imbalances are present.
You can learn more in my article — What are the best prebiotic and priobiotic foods. As well as nutritional adjustments, specialist support is often required. As mentioned there are natural therapies that have been shown to be useful against Giardia. These should be implemented under the eye of a professional to ensure it is the right therapy at the right time. I have found broad-spectrum antimicrobial herbal blends alongside high dose oregano oil to be particularly useful and research has indicated that oregano oil especially can have anti-giardia effects.
I would also typically recommend some level of intestinal barrier support. Animal studies have indicated that cinnamon and ginger appear to have suppressive effects on Giardia. Learn how using the Functional Medicine 5R approach can help address your digestive issues in my article How to imrove your digestive health — the 5R approach. To learn more out how Steve Grant Health can assist you on your journey, please fill out the enquiry form below.
Please note that depending on your specific circumstances and goals, Steve may recommend that you work with one of the specialist practitioners within his network of trusted professionals. If you have been referred by a clinician, please complete the form and ensure that you state who has referred you or have your practitioner email Steve direct to make a referral that way.
Tags: digestive health , giardia , nutrition. Giardia Transmission Giardia is usually transmitted through contaminated water. Summary of possible transmission routes: Water Person-to person in areas of poor hygiene Children in day care centers Food Giardia occurs in both humans and animals, which allows for frequent contamination of surface water supplies.
Symptoms of Giardia Giardia gained notoriety because of its ability to cause diarrhea, but it can also cause many other symptoms. Chronic Giardia Infections Initially, Giardia tends to cause acute diarrhea. Giardia Nutrition Considerations The main aims of dietary modification in giardiasis should be to reduce the acute symptomatology, promote immune function, and inhibit growth and replication of Giardia. Dairy Removal Studies have shown Giardia infection, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, can reduce the production of lactase in the small intestine, resulting in lactose malabsorption and its resultant diarrhea.
David R. Prebiotic Foods Prebiotics are the compounds and fibers in foods that feed beneficial bacteria. Some specific dietary recommendations Functional foods include: Probiotic foods minus the dairy based probiotic food options, in particular sauerkraut and Kimchee because of their good content of the probiotic strain L.
This particular strain has been shown to have specific giardia inhibition qualities. Choose lean proteins and minimise the amount of fat added to meals to help reduce bile acid production. Avoid the consumption of refined sugar and grains. If tolerated, consume some whole grain, beans and lentils as your carbohydrate foods. Emphasis on good quality protein. Specialist support As well as nutritional adjustments, specialist support is often required. Breath hydrogen test in children with giardiasis.
If you become lactose intolerant, avoid all dairy products for a month and then reintroduce them into your diet gradually. In the meantime, try soy milk, rice milk or almond milk, or lactose-free dairy products. Dietary therapy for giardia infection also involves preventing the spread of the disease, notes Diet. In areas with questionable water supplies, only drink bottled water and canned or bottled beverages with no ice. Do not eat raw fruits or vegetables in these areas if they may have been washed in unclean water.
Always wash your hands after touching anything in a bathroom, particularly in places where giardia is easily spread, such as daycare centers and nursing homes. Shelley Moore. Shelley Moore is a journalist and award-winning short-story writer.
She specializes in writing about personal development, health, careers and personal finance. Moore has been published in "Family Circle" magazine and the "Milwaukee Sentinel" newspaper, along with numerous other national and regional magazines, daily and weekly newspapers and corporate publications. She has a Bachelor of Science in psychology. Stick to bottled or purified water when local supplies are questionable.
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